New York’s freight system moves nearly 90% of goods by truck, producing disproportionate environmental and congestion impacts in Environmental Justice neighborhoods. At the same time, city agencies and fleet operators face increasing pressure to electrify and reduce emissions. However, mode substitution is not universally feasible. Distance thresholds, capacity constraints, congestion, service time limits, and disruptions such as EV downtime restrict the operational viability of cargo bikes and e-vans.